1, Introspection

Introspection means that when the interpretive language is loaded into memory, you can know the type of object and the methods under the object.

1.1 methods of self reflection

• type()

  Gets the type of the object. This function can determine whether the object is a string, integer, list, dictionary, etc

  >>> type(1)
      <type 'int'>
      
  >>> type("hello,world")
      <type 'str'>
      
  >>> type([])
      <type 'list'>
      
  >>> type({})
      <type 'dict'>
      
  >>> class A():
  ...     pass
  ... 
  >>> a = A()
  >>> type(a)
      <type 'instance'>

• dir()

  This function can return all property names and method names owned by an object

    # Returns all method names of a list instance
    >>> dir([])
  ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__',  '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

• getattr()

  Gets the properties of the object

• hasattr()

  Determine whether an object has a property

• isinstance()

  Determine whether an object is an instance of a specific type or custom class

      >>> isinstance("python", str)  # Judge whether it is a string
      True
      >>> isinstance(10, int)   # Determine whether it is of type int
      True
      >>> isinstance(False, bool)  # Judge whether it is bool value
      True

• id()

  Function returns the unique identifier of the object, which is an integer. The id() function in CPython is used to get the memory address of the object.

  >>> a = "python"
  >>> id(a)
  140225451635560

• callable()

  Use callable to determine whether an object is callable, such as functions and classes. These objects are callable objects

  >>> callable("hello")
  False
  >>>
  >>> callable(str)
  True
  >>>

2, Reflection

A language that interprets types. When a program is loaded into memory to run, the process of obtaining information such as object types and properties in some way is called reflection.

Reflection can call object properties, methods and import modules through strings. It is a string based event driven

2.1 built in function with reflection capability

• hasattr()

> Used to detect objects object Does it contain a file named name If any, return True，If no return False

class Cls():
    attr1 = 'attr1'

    def __init__(self, attr2):
        self.attr2 = attr2

    def meth1(self, num):
        return num**2

obj = Cls('attribute2')
print(hasattr(obj, 'attr1'))  # >>> True
print(hasattr(obj, 'attr2'))  # >>> True
print(hasattr(obj, 'meth1'))  # >>> True

Both variables and methods are treated as "properties", so hasattr returns True

# Determine whether an object's property is a method

if hasattr(obj, "attr1"):
    if callable(obj.attr1):
        # attr1 is a method!
    else:
         # attr1 is not a method but an attribute
else:
    # attr1 is not an attribute

• getattr()

> getattr()Used to return an object property or method

getattr(object, name[, default])

• Object -- object.
• name -- string, object attribute.
• Default -- default return value. If this parameter is not provided, AttributeError will be triggered when there is no corresponding attribute.

class A:   
    def __init__(self):   
        self.name = 'zhangjing'  
     # self.age='24'

    def method(self):   
        print"method print"  

Instance = A()   
print(getattr(Instance , 'name, 'not find'))
#If there is an attribute name in the Instance object, print the value of self.name; otherwise, print 'not find'

print(getattr(Instance , 'age', 'not find'))   
#If there is an attribute age in the Instance object, print the value of self.age; otherwise, print 'not find'

print(getattr(a, 'method', 'default')) 
#If there is a method method, otherwise print its address, otherwise print default 

print(getattr(a, 'method', 'default'))()   
#If there is a method, run the function and print None; otherwise, print default  

Usage scenario:

obj = MyObject()
for x in ['foo', 'bar']:

    # obj.x()  # There is no doubt that this is wrong.... So we can use getattr

    getattr(obj, x)()

Implement the factory method with getattr: a module supports printing in html, text, xml and other formats, and calls different functions to realize output in several formats according to different incoming format parameters

 import statsout 
 def output(data, format="text"):                           
     output_function = getattr(statsout, "output_%s" %format) 
     return output_function(data)

In this example, you can call different methods of the statsout module according to the format parameters of the input output function (implement output%s with a formatted string)

• setattr()

  The setattr() function corresponds to the getattr() function, which is used to set the attribute value. The attribute does not necessarily exist.

  setattr(object, name, value)

  • Object -- object.
  • name -- string, object attribute.
  • Value -- attribute value.

  >>class A(object):
  ...     bar = 1
  ... 
  >>> a = A()
  >>> getattr(a, 'bar')          # Get property bar value
  1
  >>> setattr(a, 'bar', 5)       # Set attribute bar value
  >>> a.bar
  5

• delattr()

  Delete variables from the object. Note: cannot be used to delete methods

    class Person(object):
        def __init__(self,name):
            self.name = name
        def talk(self):
            print("%s Talking"%self.name)

    p = Person("laowang")
    delattr(p,"name")       # Delete name variable
    print(p.name)           # An error will be reported

There is no Python in the world. If there is, it is that you have not paid attention to the official account. Like friends can scan the code to pay attention