background
As more and more data intensive applications such as big data and AI begin to be deployed and run in Kubernetes environment, the differences between the design concept of data intensive application computing framework and the original flexible application layout of cloud lead to data access and computing bottlenecks. Cloud native data orchestration engine Fluid provides the ability to accelerate data access for applications through the abstraction of data sets, the use of distributed cache technology and the combination of scheduler.
Elastic scaling is one of the core capabilities of Kubernetes, but it has always been carried out around this stateless application load. Fluid provides the elastic scalability of distributed cache, which can flexibly expand and shrink data cache. It provides performance indicators such as cache space and existing cache proportion based on Runtime, and provides data cache scalability on demand in combination with its capacity to expand and shrink Runtime resources.
This capability is very important for big data applications in the Internet scenario, because most big data applications are realized through end-to-end pipeline. This pipeline includes the following steps:
- Data extraction: use Spark, MapReduce and other big data technologies to preprocess the original data
- Model training, using the feature data generated in the first stage to train the machine learning model, and generate the corresponding model
- Model evaluation: evaluate and test the model generated in the second stage through the test set or verification set
- Model reasoning: the model verified in the third stage is finally pushed online to provide reasoning services for businesses
It can be seen that the end-to-end pipeline will contain many different types of computing tasks. For each computing task, there will be an appropriate professional system to deal with in practice (TensorFlow, PyTorch, Spark, Presto); However, these systems are independent of each other, and usually transfer data from one stage to the next with the help of external file system. However, the frequent use of file system to realize data exchange will bring a lot of I/O overhead and often become the bottleneck of the whole workflow.
Fluid is very suitable for this scenario. Users can create a Dataset object, which has the ability to disperse and cache data into the Kubernetes computing node as the medium of data exchange. In this way, remote writing and reading of data are avoided and the efficiency of data use is improved. However, the problem here is the resource estimation and reservation of temporary data cache. Before data production and consumption, accurate data volume estimation is difficult to meet. Too high estimation will lead to waste of resource reservation, and too low estimation will increase the possibility of data write failure. Or expand and shrink the capacity on demand, which is more user-friendly. We hope to achieve an effect similar to page cache. For end users, this layer is transparent, but the cache acceleration effect it brings is real.
By customizing the HPA mechanism, we introduce cache elasticity and scalability through Fluid. The condition of elastic scaling is that when the amount of cached data reaches a certain proportion, elastic expansion will be triggered to expand the cache space. For example, set the trigger condition that the proportion of cache space exceeds 75%. At this time, the total cache space is 10G. When the data has occupied 8G cache space, the capacity expansion mechanism will be triggered.
Let's use an example to help you experience the automatic capacity expansion and contraction capability of Fluid.
prerequisite
It is recommended to use Kubernetes 1.18 or above, because HPA cannot customize the expansion and contraction strategy before 1.18, which is realized through hard coding. After 1.18, you can customize the expansion and contraction strategy, for example, you can define the cooling time after one expansion.
Specific steps
1. Install the jq tool to facilitate json parsing. In this example, the operating system we use is centos. You can install jq through yum
yum install -y jq
2. Download and install the latest version of Fluid
git clone https://github.com/fluid-cloudnative/fluid.git cd fluid/charts kubectl create ns fluid-system helm install fluid fluid
3. Deploy or configure Prometheus
Here, the Metrics exposed by the cache engine of AlluxioRuntime are collected through prometheus. If there is no prometheus in the cluster:
$ cd fluid $ kubectl apply -f integration/prometheus/prometheus.yaml
If there is prometheus in the cluster, you can write the following configuration to the prometheus configuration file:
scrape_configs:
- job_name: 'alluxio runtime'
metrics_path: /metrics/prometheus
kubernetes_sd_configs:
- role: endpoints
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_label_monitor]
regex: alluxio_runtime_metrics
action: keep
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_endpoint_port_name]
regex: web
action: keep
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]
target_label: namespace
replacement: $1
action: replace
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_label_release]
target_label: fluid_runtime
replacement: $1
action: replace
- source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_endpoint_address_target_name]
target_label: pod
replacement: $1
action: replace4. Verify that Prometheus is installed successfully
$ kubectl get ep -n kube-system prometheus-svc NAME ENDPOINTS AGE prometheus-svc 10.76.0.2:9090 6m49s $ kubectl get svc -n kube-system prometheus-svc NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE prometheus-svc NodePort 172.16.135.24 <none> 9090:32114/TCP 2m7s
If you want to visualize the monitoring indicators, you can install Grafana to verify the monitoring data. For specific operations, please refer to the documentation
5. Deploy metrics server
Check whether the cluster includes metrics server. If the kubectl top node has correct output and can display memory and CPU, the cluster's metrics server is configured correctly
kubectl top node NAME CPU(cores) CPU% MEMORY(bytes) MEMORY% 192.168.1.204 93m 2% 1455Mi 10% 192.168.1.205 125m 3% 1925Mi 13% 192.168.1.206 96m 2% 1689Mi 11%
Otherwise, execute the following commands manually
kubectl create -f integration/metrics-server
6. Deploy the custom metrics API component
To extend based on custom metrics, you need to have two components. The first component is to collect metrics from the application and store them in the Prometheus time series database. The second component uses the collected metrics to extend the Kubernetes custom metrics API, k8s Prometheus adapter. The first component is deployed in the third step, and the second component is deployed below:
If the custom metrics API has been configured, add the configuration related to dataset in the configmap configuration of adapter
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: adapter-config
namespace: monitoring
data:
config.yaml: |
rules:
- seriesQuery: '{__name__=~"Cluster_(CapacityTotal|CapacityUsed)",fluid_runtime!="",instance!="",job="alluxio runtime",namespace!="",pod!=""}'
seriesFilters:
- is: ^Cluster_(CapacityTotal|CapacityUsed)$
resources:
overrides:
namespace:
resource: namespace
pod:
resource: pods
fluid_runtime:
resource: datasets
name:
matches: "^(.*)"
as: "capacity_used_rate"
metricsQuery: ceil(Cluster_CapacityUsed{<<.LabelMatchers>>}*100/(Cluster_CapacityTotal{<<.LabelMatchers>>}))Otherwise, execute the following commands manually
kubectl create -f integration/custom-metrics-api/namespace.yaml kubectl create -f integration/custom-metrics-api
Check custom indicators
$ kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1" | jq
{
"kind": "APIResourceList",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"groupVersion": "custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"resources": [
{
"name": "pods/capacity_used_rate",
"singularName": "",
"namespaced": true,
"kind": "MetricValueList",
"verbs": [
"get"
]
},
{
"name": "datasets.data.fluid.io/capacity_used_rate",
"singularName": "",
"namespaced": true,
"kind": "MetricValueList",
"verbs": [
"get"
]
},
{
"name": "namespaces/capacity_used_rate",
"singularName": "",
"namespaced": false,
"kind": "MetricValueList",
"verbs": [
"get"
]
}
]
}7. Submit the Dataset used for the test
$ cat<<EOF >dataset.yaml
apiVersion: data.fluid.io/v1alpha1
kind: Dataset
metadata:
name: spark
spec:
mounts:
- mountPoint: https://mirrors.bit.edu.cn/apache/spark/
name: spark
---
apiVersion: data.fluid.io/v1alpha1
kind: AlluxioRuntime
metadata:
name: spark
spec:
replicas: 1
tieredstore:
levels:
- mediumtype: MEM
path: /dev/shm
quota: 1Gi
high: "0.99"
low: "0.7"
properties:
alluxio.user.streaming.data.timeout: 300sec
EOF
$ kubectl create -f dataset.yaml
dataset.data.fluid.io/spark created
alluxioruntime.data.fluid.io/spark created8. Check whether this Dataset is available. You can see that the total amount of data in this Dataset is 2.71GiB. At present, the number of cache nodes provided by Fluid is 1, and the maximum cache capacity that can be provided is 1GiB. At this time, the amount of data cannot meet the needs of full data cache.
$ kubectl get dataset NAME UFS TOTAL SIZE CACHED CACHE CAPACITY CACHED PERCENTAGE PHASE AGE spark 2.71GiB 0.00B 1.00GiB 0.0% Bound 7m38s
9. When the Dataset is available, check whether the monitoring indicators can be obtained from the custom metrics API
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/default/datasets.data.fluid.io/*/capacity_used_rate" | jq
{
"kind": "MetricValueList",
"apiVersion": "custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"metadata": {
"selfLink": "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/default/datasets.data.fluid.io/%2A/capacity_used_rate"
},
"items": [
{
"describedObject": {
"kind": "Dataset",
"namespace": "default",
"name": "spark",
"apiVersion": "data.fluid.io/v1alpha1"
},
"metricName": "capacity_used_rate",
"timestamp": "2021-04-04T07:24:52Z",
"value": "0"
}
]
}10. Create HPA task
$ cat<<EOF > hpa.yaml
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
name: spark
spec:
scaleTargetRef:
apiVersion: data.fluid.io/v1alpha1
kind: AlluxioRuntime
name: spark
minReplicas: 1
maxReplicas: 4
metrics:
- type: Object
object:
metric:
name: capacity_used_rate
describedObject:
apiVersion: data.fluid.io/v1alpha1
kind: Dataset
name: spark
target:
type: Value
value: "90"
behavior:
scaleUp:
policies:
- type: Pods
value: 2
periodSeconds: 600
scaleDown:
selectPolicy: Disabled
EOFFirst, let's explain the sample configuration. There are two parts here: one is the rules of expansion and contraction, and the other is the sensitivity of expansion and contraction:
- Rule: the condition that triggers the capacity expansion behavior is that the amount of cached data of the Dataset object accounts for 90% of the total cache capacity; The expansion object is AlluxioRuntime. The minimum number of copies is 1 and the maximum number of copies is 4; The objects of Dataset and AlluxioRuntime need to be in the same namespace
- Strategy: k8s version above 1.18 can be used, and the stabilization time and step ratio of one-time expansion and contraction can be set for expansion and contraction scenarios respectively. For example, in this example, a capacity expansion cycle is 10 minutes (periodSeconds), and two copies are added during capacity expansion. Of course, this can not exceed the limit of maxReplicas; After one expansion, the cooling time (stabilization window seconds) is 20 minutes; The volume reduction strategy can be closed directly.
11. Check the HPA configuration. The data proportion of the current cache space is 0. It is far lower than the condition for triggering capacity expansion
$ kubectl get hpa
NAME REFERENCE TARGETS MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE
spark AlluxioRuntime/spark 0/90 1 4 1 33s
$ kubectl describe hpa
Name: spark
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
CreationTimestamp: Wed, 07 Apr 2021 17:36:39 +0800
Reference: AlluxioRuntime/spark
Metrics: ( current / target )
"capacity_used_rate" on Dataset/spark (target value): 0 / 90
Min replicas: 1
Max replicas: 4
Behavior:
Scale Up:
Stabilization Window: 0 seconds
Select Policy: Max
Policies:
- Type: Pods Value: 2 Period: 600 seconds
Scale Down:
Select Policy: Disabled
Policies:
- Type: Percent Value: 100 Period: 15 seconds
AlluxioRuntime pods: 1 current / 1 desired
Conditions:
Type Status Reason Message
---- ------ ------ -------
AbleToScale True ScaleDownStabilized recent recommendations were higher than current one, applying the highest recent recommendation
ScalingActive True ValidMetricFound the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from Dataset metric capacity_used_rate
ScalingLimited False DesiredWithinRange the desired count is within the acceptable range
Events: <none>12. Create data preheating task
$ cat<<EOF > dataload.yaml
apiVersion: data.fluid.io/v1alpha1
kind: DataLoad
metadata:
name: spark
spec:
dataset:
name: spark
namespace: default
EOF
$ kubectl create -f dataload.yaml
$ kubectl get dataload
NAME DATASET PHASE AGE DURATION
spark spark Executing 15s Unfinished13. At this time, it can be found that the amount of cached data is close to the cache capacity (1GiB) that Fluid can provide, and the elastic scaling condition is triggered
$ kubectl get dataset NAME UFS TOTAL SIZE CACHED CACHE CAPACITY CACHED PERCENTAGE PHASE AGE spark 2.71GiB 1020.92MiB 1.00GiB 36.8% Bound 5m15s
From the monitoring of HPA, it can be seen that the expansion of Alluxio Runtime has started. It can be found that the step size of expansion is 2
$ kubectl get hpa
NAME REFERENCE TARGETS MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE
spark AlluxioRuntime/spark 100/90 1 4 2 4m20s
$ kubectl describe hpa
Name: spark
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
CreationTimestamp: Wed, 07 Apr 2021 17:56:31 +0800
Reference: AlluxioRuntime/spark
Metrics: ( current / target )
"capacity_used_rate" on Dataset/spark (target value): 100 / 90
Min replicas: 1
Max replicas: 4
Behavior:
Scale Up:
Stabilization Window: 0 seconds
Select Policy: Max
Policies:
- Type: Pods Value: 2 Period: 600 seconds
Scale Down:
Select Policy: Disabled
Policies:
- Type: Percent Value: 100 Period: 15 seconds
AlluxioRuntime pods: 2 current / 3 desired
Conditions:
Type Status Reason Message
---- ------ ------ -------
AbleToScale True SucceededRescale the HPA controller was able to update the target scale to 3
ScalingActive True ValidMetricFound the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from Dataset metric capacity_used_rate
ScalingLimited False DesiredWithinRange the desired count is within the acceptable range
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal SuccessfulRescale 21s horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 2; reason: Dataset metric capacity_used_rate above target
Normal SuccessfulRescale 6s horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 3; reason: Dataset metric capacity_used_rate above target14. After waiting for a period of time, it is found that the cache space of the data set has increased from 1GiB to 3GiB, and the data cache is almost complete
$ kubectl get dataset NAME UFS TOTAL SIZE CACHED CACHE CAPACITY CACHED PERCENTAGE PHASE AGE spark 2.71GiB 2.59GiB 3.00GiB 95.6% Bound 12m
At the same time, by observing the status of HPA, it can be found that the number of replicas of the runtime corresponding to the Dataset is 3, and the proportion of cache space used is capacity_ used_ When the rate is 85%, the cache expansion will not be triggered.
$ kubectl get hpa NAME REFERENCE TARGETS MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE spark AlluxioRuntime/spark 85/90 1 4 3 11m
16. Clean up the environment
kubectl delete hpa spark kubectl delete dataset spark
summary
Fluid provides the ability to trigger automatic elastic scaling according to the proportion of cache space occupied by combining the capabilities of Prometheous, Kubernetes HPA and Custom Metrics, so as to realize the on-demand use of cache capacity. This can help users use more flexibly and improve data access acceleration through distributed cache. In the future, we will provide the ability of regular expansion and contraction to provide more certainty for expansion and contraction.
Author | CHEYANG Fluid community committer
Author Xie Yuandong Fluid community committer
This article is the original content of Alibaba cloud and cannot be reproduced without permission.